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In modern conditions, technical means such as film and photo documents, slides, phonograms of speeches of prominent political and public figures, etc. have become a significant help for teachers of social disciplines, including history. They introduce students to the atmosphere of the events being studied, make them, as it were, participants in the historical process. Technical means also contribute to the dissemination of teaching experience; taping lectures by leading specialists is an important methodological tool for teachers, especially in remote universities in the country.

For a number of years, the History Department of the Belarusian State University has been using technical tools and visual aids in the process of teaching students. In this regard, appropriate methodological techniques have been developed, and practical issues of their application have been discussed more than once at meetings of the Academic Council of the Faculty. Unfortunately, educational films and film documents on historical subjects are still scarce, but their level often leaves much to be desired, because they are intended primarily for secondary educational institutions. The history departments of universities and pedagogical institutes are insufficiently provided with the necessary filmstrips and slides. At the Belarusian State University, in order to use technical and visual aids during the educational process, the Faculty of History has created an educational and methodical office and an office of technical means, and compiled memos on the methods of using the latter. The university has a special laboratory for the production of educational films and slides, as well as an auditorium equipped with a movie booth with slide projectors and movie projectors, a codoscope for projecting recordings on the screen and an electric phonograph for playing records. Another auditorium of the faculty has been provided with the necessary cinema equipment. Technical facilities are also used in its other lecture halls.

The Department of Archeology, Ethnography and Auxiliary Historical Disciplines has accumulated the greatest experience in using technical means in the teaching process. Thus, the systematic use of these tools in teaching archaeology has been carried out for more than 15 years. To date, the department's media and film collection contains about 500 slides, a number of film fragments and films taken during archaeological research. Practice has shown that the most effective means of complementing the lecture course are slides with images of archaeological sites, clothing material, reproductions of drawings, diagrams, drawings and maps. Each topic of the course "Fundamentals of Archaeology" is provided with a set of 15-30 slides. The lecturer's story about the subject of archeology, for example, is illustrated with slides that introduce you to the main types of archaeological sites: settlements, burials, and individual objects from excavations. At the same time, it shows not only the modern appearance of the monument, but also diagrams and sections that give an idea of its structure in its original form. In the field archaeology topics, slides and film fragments help to present the features of the formation of the cultural layer.

The corresponding photographs illustrate the methods of detecting archaeological objects (aerial exploration, electric search, magnetic exploration, etc.). The screen helps students get acquainted with the devices used in electric search, their device diagrams and operating principle. A movie clip about field work shows the operations of an electric search. Students, listening to lectures, as a rule, have no idea about excavations, because they participate in them after studying the theoretical course. Therefore, film frames and color slides in the classroom give first-year students the opportunity to get acquainted with various methods of excavation, to visually imagine the consequences.-

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the effectiveness of studying the monument. Full-scale images alternate with graphic material. For example, a photograph of a cultural layer is compared with a sketched profile that highlights the stratigraphic features of the monument. Slides on the topic "Chronologization of archaeological sites" give an idea of the principles of the comparative typological method and the basics of scientific dating methods. Teachers use slide maps, archaeological complexes of cultures, and individual subjects to present topics related to individual archaeological epochs or cultures. Much attention is paid to the display of works of art. Topics related to the ancient techniques of material processing and object making are widely illustrated.

Visibility in the teaching process allows future historians to better understand rather complex topics related to ethnic history. Alternation of archaeological and linguistic maps on the screen and their comparison seem to lead students to understand the methodological principles of determining the ethnicity of carriers of archaeological cultures. In the topic of genetic connections of cultures, students use slides to draw attention to objects, funeral rites, and types of housing construction among related peoples - signs that mark the features of genetic succession or indicate the settlement of peoples. It is difficult to overestimate the role of visual clarity when studying topics about ancient art and architecture. It is hardly possible to imagine and firmly fix in memory, for example, the features of the "animal style" without seeing images of the main works of Scythian masters.

Film and photo materials are displayed in different ways. Sometimes slides are shown synchronously with the lecture, and sometimes they are shown at the end of it with a brief repetition of the main points of the topic. Often, before studying the training section, the demo material of the previous lecture is briefly reproduced, which helps to consolidate what has been passed and connect it with a new topic.

First-year students usually experience difficulties in the course of independent work when studying an archeology course. To overcome them, to encourage more active work of students both in lectures and in extracurricular settings, BSU has been using a programmed learning room equipped with KISI-5 machines for many years. It offers practical classes on the following topics: methods of archeology, Stone Age, Eneolithic and Bronze Age, Iron Age, archeology of Ancient Russia. For each of them, students are asked to answer 10 questions, which are compiled and grouped so as to reveal knowledge of archaeological cultures (archaeological maps are offered), cultural affiliation or chronology of a particular archaeological complex, specific objects. The machine not only evaluates the knowledge of a given program, but also points out errors to the respondents, which are then sorted out in practical classes. Experience has shown that the survey with the help of teaching and control machines intensifies the learning process, encourages students to work systematically on the subject. The teacher also receives prompt information about the course development progress of each student throughout the year. In an oral exam, it is easier for the teacher to determine to what extent students have overcome the difficulties of the educational process. This makes it possible to assess students ' knowledge more accurately and objectively during exams.

At the Department of the History of the Ancient World and the Middle Ages, technical means are mainly used when giving lectures on culture and art. Unfortunately, only courses in the history of the Ancient East and the Middle Ages have been provided with relevant material so far. Separate filmstrips are shown on the theme "Culture of Western Europe of the V-XVIII centuries". The department has color filmstrips about the works of Masaccio, Giotto, Donatello. In order to make students more aware of the novelty that has manifested itself in the work of these masters, they first show samples of early medieval iconography. Frescoes and paintings of great masters are given "in dynamics". They are shown in fragments and in general. Lectures on the works of prominent representatives of the Renaissance (Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo, Rembrandt, Velasquez, Durer, etc.) are also accompanied by such a demonstration. Slides on cultural history made in the university's laboratory make it possible to demonstrate them in accordance with the lecture plan (for example, Leonardo's creative method).

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it is more convenient to illustrate Da Vinci by the details of various paintings that are shown synchronously with the lecture on the screen). Visibility is especially important when reading the course "History of World Culture" in the philosophy department.

The Department of History of the BSSR has a large set of slides and filmstrips. Many of them are used in studying the history of the USSR. The past of Belarusians is presented in them in connection with the history of other peoples of the USSR, which makes it possible to solve an important ideological and political task of educating students in the spirit of internationalism. The Department of History of the CPSU of Humanities faculties, whose teachers work with students of the Faculty of History, also uses technical tools and visual aids. Almost the entire course of the history of the CPSU is provided with film documents. A "light newspaper" of the BSSR has been compiled, on which shock construction projects of the five-year plans are indicated. A significant place is occupied in teaching the history of the CPSU (especially for students specializing in this department) by the history of the party during the Great Patriotic War.

Unfortunately, such visual aids as historical maps do not meet modern requirements. Many of them were compiled long ago, do not reflect the current level of historical science, and quickly deteriorate. We need maps that correspond to university curricula and have a solid fabric base. The issue of centralized production and use of technical means and visual aids has become urgent. The use of educational films and film fragments, filmstrips and slides will improve the teaching of historical subjects. Providing universities with technical means and visual aids should be conducted at the all-Union (mandatory for all universities of the USSR historical topics) and republican scales (topics on the history of individual republics). Then lectures and practical classes will be enriched with new content and students ' interest in the subjects studied will increase.

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N. A. RUSAKOVA, E. M. ZAGORULSKY, Yu. E. IVONIN, I. O. TSARYUK, TECHNICAL TRAINING TOOLS AT THE FACULTY OF HISTORY OF THE BELARUSIAN STATE UNIVERSITY // Minsk: Belarusian Electronic Library (BIBLIOTEKA.BY). Updated: 20.01.2025. URL: https://biblioteka.by/m/articles/view/TECHNICAL-TRAINING-TOOLS-AT-THE-FACULTY-OF-HISTORY-OF-THE-BELARUSIAN-STATE-UNIVERSITY (date of access: 10.02.2025).

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