The system of state education in Russia in the 19th century was divided into three stages, reflecting the existing class order in the country. The first and lowest level was the primary (folk) school, intended for the lower classes: peasants, townspeople, artisans, etc. It was not related to the subsequent stages of the education system. The second stage consisted of secondary educational institutions (gymnasiums - real and classical, military gymnasiums and secondary educational institutions of various departments). In fact, they were the first full-fledged step leading to higher education. The system was completed by higher educational institutions belonging to both the Ministry of Public Education and other departments. This also included privileged educational institutions (for children of nobles and high dignitaries), which gave numerous rights (lyceums, Page Corps, School of Law, etc.). University education was particularly popular. Graduating from the university gave the right to engage in scientific activities, become a top-class official, or a teacher at an educational institution. Most of the students were high school students. About 80-90% of high school graduates went to universities. As you know, secondary educational institutions of the 30s operated under the charter of 1828. The latter declared the school a class school. The University Charter of 1835 restricted the flow of underprivileged classes to higher education. Meanwhile, as the crisis of the feudal-serf system intensified, the estate framework was being eroded. The reforms of the 60s and 70s accelerated this process against the wishes of tsarism. In an effort to slow it down at all costs and once again strengthen the role of the nobles-landowners, the autocracy resorted in the 80s to a policy of reactionary counter-reforms. These included measures to preserve the class principle in the educational system (the charters of secondary educational institutions of 1871-1872, the university chart ... Читать далее