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Soviet researchers have done much to study the history of the proletariat and the working-class movement in capitalist Russia. At the same time, the labor movement has not yet received a corresponding statistical reflection in the literature. One of the prerequisites for a further fruitful study of the history of the working class is to compile as complete a chronicle of the working-class movement as possible, and on this basis to quantify the various forms of struggle and organizations of the proletariat.

The classics of Marxism-Leninism attached great importance to chronicles, and when preparing their research, they themselves repeatedly resorted to compiling them. Thus, in the last years of his life, E. Marx worked on "Chronological Extracts" 1. V. I. Lenin wrote "The experience of summarizing the main data of world history after 1870" 2 . It is well known what role Lenin assigned to the study of statistics of the working-class movement in Russia. He considered, for example, that it was impossible to understand the events of the revolution of 1905 - 1907 and the change in its political forms if "we do not study the basis of these events and this change in forms from the statistics of strikes." 3 For scientific and political conclusions, Lenin repeatedly used statistical data on the forms of struggle and organization of the proletariat and worked on compiling similar materials himself .4
In Soviet historiography, considerable attention is paid to the preparation of chronicles and quantitative methods of studying historical phenomena. The most comprehensive Biochronics of V. I. Lenin was prepared by the Institute of Marxism-Leninism under the Central Committee of the CPSU5 . The chronicles of the Great October Socialist Revolution 6 are widely known . Attempts to compile chronicles of the working - class movement in Russia in the 19th and early 20th centuries have been made repeatedly. 7 However , they are usually considered to be the most important sources of information.,

1 Archive of Marx and Engels. Tt. V-VIII. For more information, see: Porshnev B. F. Marx's historical interests in the last years of his life and work on "Chronological Extracts". In: Marx-Istorik, Moscow, 1968.

2 See Lenin V. I. PSS. Vol. 28.

3 Lenin V. I. PSS. Vol. 30, p. 311.

4 See, for example, his calculations and analysis of group work fees for Pravda: Lenin V. I. PSS, vol. 21, pp. 427-440; vol. 22, pp. 69-71; vol. 23, pp. 100-102; vol. 25, pp. 227-234, 244-250, 418 - 426, etc.

5 Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. Biographical chronicle. 1870-1924. Tt. 1-12. Moscow 1970-1982.

6 The Great October Socialist Revolution. Chronicle of events. Vols. 1-4. Moscow, 1957-1961; Struggle for the establishment and consolidation of Soviet power. Chronicle of Events, Moscow, 1982.

7 See Chronicle of the working-class movement in Russia in 1800-1900. In: Rabochoe dvizhenie v Rossii v XIX v. Vol. 1. M. 1955, ch. 1, p. 802-817; ch. 2, p. 613-649; vol. 2. M. 1950, ch. 1, p. 602-618; ch. 2, p. 644-676; vol. 3. M. 1952 Part 1, pp. 770-802; part 2, pp. 620-645; vol. 4. Moscow, 1963, part 2, pp. 695-842; Chronicle of the Working-class movement in 1901-1904. In: Rabochoe dvizhenie v Rossii v 1901-1904 gg. L. 1975, pp. 378-538; Zheltova V. P., Pushkareva I. M. Chronicles of the Revolution of 1905-1907. (Source study review). In the book.:

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They dealt with certain forms of struggle (mainly strikes), certain regions of the country and certain chronological periods, and often relied on a limited source base. The lack of a unified methodology for accounting for the forms of labor movement and their calculation (different approaches to determining the unit of calculation, the nature of movement, its duration, etc.), which has been repeatedly drawn attention to in the literature 8, does not allow us to generalize the results obtained on an all-Russian scale. Drawing up a unified methodology has now become imperative. This will make it possible to combine the disparate efforts of historians from different regions of the country, make the results of their work comparable, and open up the possibility of compiling a general chronicle of the labor movement in Russia and statistical generalization of homogeneous events and facts.

The methodology proposed below, which is based on the works of the classics of Marxism-Leninism and the achievements of Soviet historiography , is the result of collective creativity of historians of the labor movement of various research institutions and universities in the country9. Its preparation and publication are aimed at creating a unified program of chronicles and quantitative characteristics of the labor movement in various regions and the country as a whole. It is expected that specialists from the Institutes of History of the Academy of Sciences of the Union Republics, universities and pedagogical universities will participate in this work under the coordination of the Scientific Council on the complex problem "History of the Great October Socialist Revolution" of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.

The development of a unified methodology for compiling chronicles and statistics of the labor movement is associated with the preliminary solution of a number of general issues: determining the social boundaries of the working class; selecting objects of accounting according to the forms of struggle and organizations of workers; establishing accounting units, criteria and a list of indicators,

Voprosy istochnikovedeniya istorii pervoi russkoy revolyutsii [Issues of source studies of the history of the First Russian Revolution]. The strike struggle of the workers of Siberia in the period of imperialism. Chronicle, statistics, and historiography. Tomsk. 1978; Zheltova V. P. Strike struggle of Russian workers at the initial stage of a new revolutionary Upsurge. 1910-March 1912. Chronicle of events. Issue 1-2. Moscow, 1980; Ata pin S. S. et al. Chronicle of the Working-class Movement in Russia from June 3, 1907 to December 31, 1910. I-IV. Moscow, 1981; et al.

8 Ivanov L. M. Some results and tasks of studying the history of the new revolutionary Upsurge (1910-1914). In: The Bolshevik Press and the Working Class of Russia in the Years of the Revolutionary Upsurge 1910-1914. Moscow, 1965; Volobuev P. V. et al. On the periodization of the labor movement in Russia. In: Rabochy klass i rabochoe dvizhenie v Rossii, 1861-1917, Moscow, 1966; Laverychev V. Ya., Pushkareva I. M. Nekotorye problemy izucheniya istorii rabochy klass Rossii perioda kapitalizma [Some problems of studying the history of the working class of Russia in the period of capitalism]. - Voprosy istorii, 1981, N 1; Mador Yu. P. Stachka v bourzhuaznom obshchestve [Strike in the bourgeois society], Moscow, 1984.

9 The decision to draw up methodological recommendations was made at the All-Union conference on the history of the pre-October working class, held in Novosibirsk in October 1978. The execution of this decision was entrusted to a special commission established under the Section on the History of Bourgeois-Democratic Revolutions in Russia of the Institute of the History of the USSR of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, consisting of: I. M. Pushkarev (Chairman of the commission), V. P. Zheltova (Academic secretary), N. A. Ivanov, Yu. I.Kiryanov. The draft guidelines for compiling strike movement statistics were discussed at a meeting of specialists organized by the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the BSSR in Minsk in May 1981 (see Voprosy Istorii, 1982, No. 2, pp. 140-143). These comments were taken into account by the drafters. At the same time, we used the results of the work of the Working class history section of the Problem Laboratory of History, Archeology and Ethnography of Siberia (Tomsk State University), which presented its own methodology for compiling a chronicle of the working class movement. In relation to the activities of trade union organizations of workers, the drafters used the recommendations of I. S. Rosenthal, in relation to leaflets - I. M. Dazhina. The authors are grateful for the help of the staff of the Institute of History of the USSR-V. I. Bovykin, I. N. Yonov, V. V. Shelokhaev; the Institute of International Labor Movement of the USSR Academy of Sciences-Ya. Ya. Kotkovsky, A. N. Zhamaletdinov, L. F. Yukhnin; the Leningrad Branch of the Institute of History of the USSR - E. E. Kruse; the Institutes of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences-Yu. P. Lavrov V. G. Sarbey; Academy of Sciences of the BSSR-M. O. Bich, E. M. Savitsky, K. I. Shabun; Institute of History, Philology and Philosophy of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences-G. A. Bochanov, L. M. Goryushkin; Ural Scientific Center-D. V. Gavrilov; Departments of History of the USSR Universities: Ivanovo - Yu. A. Yakobson; Omsk - A. P. Tolochko; Rostov-on-Don - E. I. Demeshin; Tomsk-V. P. Zinoviev; Ural-L. V. Olkhovaya; Yaroslavl-M. G. Meyerovich; departments of the History of the USSR of pedagogical institutes: Kostroma-M. N. Belov; Poltava-I. N. Revu; Correspondence Financial and Economic Institute-A. I. Utkin; Plekhanov Institute of National Economy - G. G. Kasarov.

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analysis of the degree of completeness and reliability of the source base, formulation of principles for compiling statistics. On these and a number of other issues, historians do not have a complete consensus of views.

In accordance with the provisions of V. I. Leshchin, set out in the book "The Development of Capitalism in Russia" and his other works, the authors include in the working class factory, mining, mining, transport, construction forest, agricultural workers, unskilled workers, workers employed in small urban and rural industries .10 It takes into account those categories of wage-earners who are engaged in material production, creating surplus value, and whose wages were the main source of subsistence.

The state of the sources sometimes makes it difficult to draw a clear line between different types of industrial establishments - factories, manufactories, handicraft and handicraft enterprises-and, therefore, to assign certain workers to factory or other categories. While Lenin noted that the criteria for distinguishing factory and non-factory establishments by Russian pre-revolutionary industrial statistics were somewhat arbitrary and imperfect, he found the principles adopted by the factory inspectorate since 189511 acceptable . According to them, factories and plants were considered enterprises that had at least 15 workers, as well as those that, with a number of workers less than 16, had a steam engine (or equivalent to it), while the rest of the institutions are considered as pre-factory enterprises.

What is different from the workers are the representatives of wage labor, who were part of the middle strata of the population, the intelligentsia, etc., and occupied a petty-bourgeois, intermediate position. Therefore, according to the same methodology, but separately, you can take into account the movement and forms of organization of employees (state institutions, railway, postal and telegraph, trade), intellectuals (doctors, teachers, etc.), domestic servants, and cab drivers. Sometimes it is difficult to draw a line between workers and employees, especially if this line is not specified in the source (for example, in speeches by railway workers or employees of retail establishments). In these cases, the facts of mass demonstrations are classified as a workers ' movement, but with a corresponding reservation. They can equally be taken into account when studying the movement of non-proletarian democratic strata of the population.

Separately, it is necessary to take into account the speeches of forced laborers-representatives of non-Russian nationalities who were mobilized (in the order of "requisition"), prisoners of war, prisoners of war, as well as immigrants (in particular, Chinese, Koreans, Turks who came to work in the regions of the Far East, Siberia and Transcaucasia).

When taking into account the phenomena of the class struggle, it is important to separate the strikes of agricultural workers, in which proletarian demands were put forward (concerning wages, the length of the working day, etc.), from the peasant struggle in its nature, directed mainly against the remnants of feudalism. Such speeches are not recorded in the chronicle of the labor movement.

The selection of forms of class struggle is also important. Along with the desire for completeness, a historical approach is needed here. In addition to strikes, common forms of social protest were unrest, complaints, petitions of workers, violation of the term of employment, which also reflected the discontent of the proletariat. In the period of imperialism, economic and political strikes, demonstrations, and armed uprisings become of the greatest importance, and the party, trade union, and other organizations of the proletariat play a huge role. Complete information about these forms of struggle and organization is essential; the lower forms of struggle must not be ignored either, since it is important to get a comprehensive, real understanding of the movement of the proletariat, of the socio-political development of all its strata and professional groups.

10 See Lenin V. I. PSS. Vol. 3, p. 582. For the distribution of workers by industry and profession, see appendix I.

11 Ibid., vol. 4, pp. 7, 13, 31.

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Objects of accounting can be divided into a number of groups: collective complaints, petitions, demands; collective departures from enterprises before the end of the employment period; unrest; strikes and related forms of organization (strike funds, committees); political speeches (demonstrations, rallies, armed uprisings); forms of class organization of the proletariat: from the highest (revolutionary party) to trade unions and other workers ' organizations; forms and types of activities of party and professional organizations of the proletariat: congresses, conferences, illegal meetings, the formation and activity of circles, groups, and committees of the R. S. D. L. P., the publication of leaflets, newspapers, and other publications (illegal and legal), the operation of underground printing houses, the creation by workers of organs of revolutionary power (Soviets), and the participation of workers in various representative institutions (the State Duma), and in professional congresses in the activities of petty-bourgeois and other organizations and parties.

The chronicles of the working-class movement take into account the facts of Lenin's activities directly connected with the working-class movement, as well as the activities of the central organs of the RSDLP and its local organizations aimed at leading the working-class movement. (Events and facts related to party building, party and internal party struggles are recorded in special chronicles devoted to the history of the CPSU). The chronicle records only the mass forms of the working-class movement and the activities of mass proletarian organizations, while individual workers ' actions and the activities of individual revolutionaries are not taken into account. The repressive measures of entrepreneurs and the Government against workers are noted only in connection with the facts of the proletarian movement and are not special articles of the chronicles.

The completeness and reliability of information depends primarily on the nature and quality of the sources. Without attempting to give a full description of the main groups of sources and describe the method of processing them, we will only note the need to use existing publications of this kind, such as V. I. Lenin's Biochronics and previously published chronicles of the workers ' and revolutionary movement, when compiling the chronicle of the working - class movement. The chronicles should be based on the publication of documents and materials of congresses and conferences of the RSDLP, as well as other sources about the activities of the party and the revolutionary movement in the whole country and in its individual districts; publications of leaflets of social-democratic organizations; archival documents; materials of newspapers and magazines of various political trends of that time (social-democratic, etc.); professional and departmental publications. Factual material for chronicles (especially if the information is incomplete) can be drawn from memoirs, as well as scientific literature - monographs and articles with mandatory verification of the data used by sources. Discrepancies in information found when comparing sources should be specified in the notes and, if possible, explained.

In all articles of the chronicle, references to sources are given in the following order: publications of documents, archival sources, press, memoirs, literature in chronological order of publication. Articles of the chronicle should reproduce information from sources and not include excessive value judgments in this case. It is another matter to calculate quantitative indicators, where it is necessary to determine the nature of the speech for classification (political or economic, offensive or defensive, etc.), calculate the number of participants, duration, etc. But even here, strict adherence to sources and unity of criteria are required.

When compiling the chronicle of the working-class movement, it is proposed to take into account the following forms of struggle and organization of workers:

I. Forms of struggle of the working class: 1. The Uprising. 2. Strike. 3. Demonstration. 4. Gatherings, extras, May Day events, rallies, and other gatherings. 5. Excitement. 6. Collective departure (escape) from enterprises. 7. Collective complaints, petitions, demands, petitions. 8. Other forms of social protest of workers (facts of partisan struggle, etc.).

II. Activities of Lenin and party organizations connected with the working-class movement-

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First of all, the RSDLP: 1. Facts of Lenin's biography. 2. Political unions (organizations) and workers ' circles before the formation of the RSDLP. 3. The first social-democratic organizations. 4. Unions, committees, groups, circles, and cells of the R. S. D. L. P., as well as other parties in which workers participated. 5. General party congresses, conferences, conferences, and meetings of editorial boards, central, regional, and local social-democratic organizations. 6. Activities of the social-Democratic faction in the State Duma. 7. Publishing and printing work of party organizations.

III. Mass workers ' organizations: 1. Soviets of Workers ' Deputies. 2. Trade unions. 3. Strike committees and cash registers. 4. Cooperatives. 5. Mutual aid funds and loan and savings banks. 6. Health insurance companies. 7. Cultural and educational societies (workers ' clubs, etc.). 8. Regional and all-Russian associations of trade unions and other legal societies, their congresses and conferences. 9. Working groups at general democratic congresses.

IV. Publications of party, trade union, and other workers ' organizations: 1. Newspapers. 2. Logs. 3. Brochures. 4. Flyers.

The need to take into account these manifestations of the struggle and organization of the workers is due to the desire to get as complete an idea as possible of the activity and organization of the Russian proletariat, which acted as the hegemon of the liberation movement in the country and ensured the victory of the bourgeois-democratic, and then the socialist revolution.

Since the chronicle is regarded as the basis for the quantitative characterization of the working-class movement, it is necessary to give clear definitions to the various forms of struggle and organizations of the proletariat, and to agree on the basic units of accounting and a list of indicators that reveal each action or form of organization, which would, on the one hand, characterize each manifestation of the quantify it. Optimal accounting units can be those forms of struggle and organization of workers that have clear content, time, geographical, production and organizational boundaries.

The chronicle accounting unit and the calculation unit are not always identical when compiling statistics. Thus, both in the pre-revolutionary official statistics of strikes and in the studies of most Soviet historians, a strike at a separate enterprise is taken as a unit of calculation. Only this approach makes it possible to obtain comparable data reflecting the scale of movement of workers in various professional groups, regions of the country, and by chronological period. A strike at a particular enterprise is also the main unit of accounting in the chronicle. At the same time, in addition to strikes at individual enterprises (individual strikes), it also includes collective (group) strikes, which (if geographically and temporarily unified) can be included in one article of the chronicle. When calculating group and general strikes, if there is no information about the number of enterprises covered by the strike and the number of its participants, it is necessary to select and analyze them separately.

An armed insurrection is recorded in the chronicle within the boundaries of a locality (city, village, etc.). This should also be the basis for quantitative accounting. However, in the chronicle, in some cases, both private and general events of the armed struggle that are particularly important for the history can be highlighted (for example, in Moscow on Presnya in December 1905). Naturally, when compiling statistics, such speeches are not taken into account as a separate fact.

Speeches that combined different forms of struggle can be chronicled together, in one article (for example, a strike and the rally or demonstration that accompanied it). However, statistics take into account each of these forms. However, if the information about each of the combined forms of movement is extensive, it is better to include them in the chronicle as separate articles. In any case, the counting unit will not change.

When describing organizations of the working class, it is necessary to take into account the fact of their development and changes not only in the nature of their activities, but also in the scope of their work.-

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sneeze - numerical, professional, territorial, etc. For example, each fact of creation and activity of a trade union of workers of various specialties or enterprises on the scale of a city or district, as well as branches and branches of unions, is recorded in the chronicle in a separate article. The same applies to Soviets of Workers ' Deputies, which often arose first in individual enterprises, and then within cities and localities. The accounting units of the RSDLP organizations are all its main structural units, starting from primary, grassroots cells and groups and ending with regional, inter-regional and national ones. In statistics, various organizations of the RSDLP, certain types of professional associations and other organizations of workers are grouped first separately, and then collectively.

The main indicators for the characterization of recorded facts are highlighted in the following index cards for various forms of struggle and workers ' organizations (see appendix II). They provide for a comprehensive characterization of the forms of the working-class movement, both in terms of the extent to which the workers are covered, the content of the struggle and activity, and the level of organization and participation in the leadership of the working-class movement of members of the RSDLP and other social-democratic and revolutionary-democratic (national, petty-bourgeois) parties that are more or less associated with the workers. The registration cards also record the reaction of entrepreneurs and authorities to the workers ' struggles.

Methodology for recording information about an armed uprising. Insurrection is a form of open armed political struggle of the workers and the masses of the people with the aim of changing the existing State system. A performance in a particular city, work settlement, or locality during a certain period of time is taken as a unit of accounting. The number of participants in the uprising is indicated for the most important stages of its development (if such data is available). Participants are characterized by social and professional characteristics (especially for workers). Among the participants are workers who had weapons, vigilantes. When indicating the political leadership of the insurrection, all parties that are representatives of the revolutionary - democratic camp are mentioned. They are also called mass revolutionary organizations created to lead the movement (Soviets, etc.).

Methodology for recording strike information. A strike is one of the main forms of proletarian struggle, which is expressed in stopping work to defend economic or political demands made by entrepreneurs or authorities, as well as to express solidarity, protest, etc. A strike at a separate enterprise 12 (factory, factory, workshop, depot and other railway divisions 13 , mine,etc.) is taken as a unit of accounting. a mine, printing house, power plant, water supply system, mill, port, tram park, ship, etc.) or a strike of a group of workers of a certain profession (loggers, fishermen, construction workers, etc.), which cannot be distributed among institutions, in a certain period of time. For strikes of agricultural workers, the unit of accounting is a strike in a landowner or kulak farm, and if the source does not contain such information, then a strike in a separate village (village). The exception is cases when the source describes a collective strike of workers of a number of enterprises or professions and it is not possible to single out each of the institutions covered by it. Then the collective strike is recorded in one article of the chronicle.

A long strike is counted once, in the month when it started. If it took several days for work to resume, the end date of the strike is considered to be the appearance of the last group of strikers at work. If there was a partial or general settlement during the strike, then the end of the strike is considered to be the day when the entire enterprise resumed work. If the workers strike again some time after the end of the strike, this event is counted as a new strike. The total number of employees in an enterprise is determined on the basis of reference publications or by source. If the number of strikers fluctuated, then it is necessary to reflect these changes.

12 Businesses, institutions, etc. are listed under their official names.

13 A railway strike is generally regarded as a group strike

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fluctuations. The demands of the strikers are listed in the order in which they were stated in the document.

Indicate the leadership of the strike by a committee or group of the RSDLP, other political parties, the Council of Workers ' Deputies, a trade union, a strike committee, a deputy group, individuals, etc. It is advisable to mention the names of the main organizers of the strike, their profession, and party affiliation. The spontaneous nature of the strike is also noted, if the documents contain information about it. When describing the results of the struggle, specific concessions of entrepreneurs are listed. Reprisals are also noted: partial or total calculation of workers; suppression of speech by the police, Cossacks, soldiers; arrests; eviction of workers from their apartments; fines, etc.

Methodology for recording information about street demonstrations. Demonstration - a mass street march aimed at expressing political and social demands, protest, solidarity, anti-government sentiments of workers and the working masses. Each fact of a street demonstration is taken as a unit of accounting, no matter where it takes place and no matter how short-lived it is. Demonstrations that took place in a city on the same day, in different locations or at different times, are counted as separate events. It does not take into account canceled or failed demonstrations, when workers gathered at an agreed place, but then dispersed at the direction of the organizers or for other reasons. It is necessary to clearly indicate the reasons for demonstrations (May 1, proletarian solidarity, government repression, the publication of an anti-people law, mobilization and war, the difficult economic situation, the funeral of comrades in struggle or work, etc.).

The composition of participants in the demonstration is characterized, firstly, by social characteristics (workers, students, intellectuals, etc.); secondly, by professional characteristics (if possible). When speaking about the organization of a demonstration, it is necessary not only to name the RSDLP committee or other organizations, the names of the organizers, but also to indicate the means of preparing the demonstration (issuing leaflets, etc.). The characteristics of the demonstration include an indication of whether flags were raised during it, what inscriptions were on them, whether revolutionary songs were sung (which ones were), whether speeches were made and proclamations distributed during the demonstration. In the column " reaction of the authorities, reprisals "(see appendix II, card No. 1, item 15), the place of clashes with the police, victims, and arrests of demonstrators are indicated.

Methodology for recording information about workers ' meetings (gatherings, mass gatherings, May events, rallies, etc.). Assembly as a form of labor movement - a joint discussion by workers of various issues of economic and political activity and struggle, a form of agitation and propaganda. A meeting (usually a secret one) of workers (often with revolutionary-minded representatives of other strata of the population) was also called a gathering. Meetings organized for the purpose of expressing political sentiments and revolutionary agitation were called mass events in Russia, and those timed to the celebration of May 1 were called May days. Mass events and May events, as a rule, were illegal in nature. A rally is a mass open meeting to discuss topical, mostly political issues. The unit of accounting is taken as the fact of a rally, crowd, May Day, or gathering, no matter where they take place and no matter how short-lived they may be. If the meeting was not purely working, then, in addition to the professional one, the social composition of the participants is indicated.

Methodology for recording information about excitement. Unrest - an open spontaneous mass action (expression of discontent) of workers, accompanied by a violation of industrial or public order, making demands, but without stopping work 14 . The unit of accounting is taken as excitement at a particular enterprise or the excitement of a group of workers of a certain profession (loggers, builders, etc.), which cannot be distributed among institutions in a certain period of time. When describing unrest, the same methodology is used as when accounting for strikes-

14 The unrest also includes mass rebellious actions, sometimes accompanied by complaints, clashes with the administration, police, etc. In official documents, mostly of the nineteenth century, riots were often referred to as riots, especially when they were accompanied by the destruction of equipment or violent actions of workers against the administration.

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ki. Paragraph 13 (see the accounting card) reveals the form of workers ' discontent.

Methodology for recording information about collective complaints, requests, demands, and petitions of workers. Collective complaints, requests, demands, petitions - written or oral appeals of groups of workers to entrepreneurs and authorities in order to protect economic and social interests. Each fact that a group of workers submits a complaint, request, demand, or petition that took place at the enterprise at a certain time is taken as a unit of accounting. When describing these forms of struggle, the same methodology is used as when accounting for strikes. In paragraph 10 (see the accounting card), along with the nature of the requirements and requests, it is indicated who they were presented to-the entrepreneur or the authorities.

Methodology for recording information about other forms of social protest of workers (facts of partisan struggle, workers ' escapes from enterprises, etc.). Partisan struggle is an armed attack by small mobile groups of militant workers on gendarmes, military patrols, and similar units in order to disrupt the actions of government agencies, seize weapons, money, and so on. Escape - departure of a group of workers from the enterprise before the expiration of the employment period as a means of protest against working or living conditions. Each fact of a guerrilla struggle or collective withdrawal of workers from an enterprise, which occurred in a particular place at a certain time, is taken as a unit of accounting. The brief description of the speech includes information about who the collision occurred with, what the workers were armed with, how long the collision lasted, and so on.

Methodology for recording information about party organizations. The chronicle of the working-class movement takes into account: the creation and activity of political organizations of workers ' and social-democratic organizations before the formation of the RSDLP, organizations of the RSDLP, national social - democratic parties, as well as narodnik, petty-bourgeois, etc.organizations and parties in which workers took part.

A party organization that functions independently for a certain period of time, whether it is a cell, group, circle, committee, city, regional, national or all-Russian organization, is taken as a unit of accounting. The time of operation of an organization is taken into account from the moment of its creation until its liquidation or reorganization. The dates of termination and resumption of activities of organizations (if they are known) are also indicated here. The number of members of the organization is given in stages, if possible, or on dates that are reflected in the sources. When disclosing the structure of an organization, it is advisable to indicate its subordinate divisions and organizations: for city committees of the RSDLP - district and subdistrict, for regional committees - provincial and regional, and so on. The presence of printed bodies of this organization is also noted, and their names are indicated. More complete information about the party and trade union bodies of the press is given separately on a special registration card and entered in the chronicle as an independent fact. Characteristics of the organization's activities include data on the number of active circles, meetings and conferences held, leaflets published, management of strikes, demonstrations, trade unions and other forms of struggle and workers ' organizations, etc.

Methodology for recording party congresses, conferences, plenums, meetings, and other major meetings of the party and its local subdivisions. The chronicle takes into account all congresses and similar meetings of general party and local significance. When describing party forums held abroad, the country in which they were held is indicated. Among the participants of party congresses, conferences, etc., the number of delegates and those present with an advisory vote or as guests is indicated separately. The item on the main issues on the agenda highlights issues related to the leadership of the working-class movement. (The problems of the party's organizational development and ideological struggle are covered in more detail in special chronicles on the history of the CPSU.)

Methodology for recording information about mass workers of organizations-

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locations. The method of accounting for information about all mass workers ' organizations is the same, although it may also have some specifics due to the peculiarities of certain organizations. An organization as such is taken as a unit of accounting (a trade union or a local branch of a united union, every fact of establishing a council or other organization at an enterprise, in a city or other locality, etc.). If a trade union (or other organization) has ceased its activity due to an order of the authorities or other reasons, and after some time has been revived, then it is counted as one and the same organization, in other words, information about each organization during the entire time of its existence is given in one article of the chronicle.

Taking into account the specifics of the functioning of mass workers ' organizations in Russia, it is necessary to indicate the main milestones associated with their existence: the dates of foundation (holding the first organizational meeting), approval of the charter, legalization, closure by the authorities, actual termination of activities, resumption of it, etc. If only one of the specified dates is known (for example, the date of termination of the organization's activities), then the article in the chronicle is entered on this date. It also indicates the fact of the creation (or attempts to create) of those mass organizations, about the activities and existence of which there is no further information yet. It notes the existence of organizations that preceded the trade union and the Soviet and were transformed into them: mutual aid societies, strike committees, delegate meetings, etc. Detailed information about these latter organizations is taken into account separately and reported in special articles of the chronicle. The number of members of an organization is indicated by the main milestones of its activity or on those dates that are available in the sources. Taking into account information about the trade union, it is necessary to record the number of workers who signed up for the trade union, paid membership fees, and attended meetings. The number of members of trade unions, mutual aid funds, and hospital funds should be given, if possible, in comparison with the total number of workers in the enterprise or with the total number of workers of the same profession and production in a given city, village, or province.

When describing Soviets of Workers ' Deputies, it is important to show their composition - social (workers, employees, intellectuals, etc.), professional (especially for workers), and party (the number of members of the RSDLP (Bolsheviks and Mensheviks), national social-democratic parties, Social Revolutionaries, and other parties). The party orientation of the Council is revealed by indicating the party affiliation of its deputies, members of the Executive Committee, the representation of various political parties in the Council, and the content of adopted resolutions. For a trade union - by describing the party composition of the board, as well as the adopted resolutions proposed by representatives of a particular party trend. In both cases, the political position of the organization's leaders is important. You should pay attention not only to the internal structure of the organization (executive committee, bureau, commission), but also to the presence of nonresident branches (for example, trade unions), their number.

When covering the activities of the trade union, it is necessary to note the economic demands put forward, participation in strikes, conclusion of collective (tariff) agreements, conducting surveys of the working and living conditions of workers, mass cultural work, participation in political campaigns, congresses of democratic intellectuals, etc .15.

Information about the plenums of Soviets, the Central Bureau of Trade Unions, and trade union congresses is recorded separately in the chronicle. When reflecting the activities of the Central Bank, it is necessary to show which trade unions it represented, and name the main areas of its activities. Information about congresses, conferences, and other similar meetings of trade unions of all-Russian and local significance is given on the same card as party congresses.

Methodology for recording information about publications of workers ' organizations. Each fact of publication of a newspaper, magazine, bro is taken as a unit of accounting.-

15 Congresses of sanitary doctors, workers of education and culture, handicrafts, congresses to combat drunkenness, prostitution, etc.

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posters and leaflets issued by party organizations, workers 'unions, and Soviets of Workers' Deputies. Specify all the names of the newspaper, magazine, and the time period during which the publication was published under this name. If a continuing publication was suspended due to government repression or other reasons, and then resumed, then it is counted as the same, in one article of the chronicle.

In pre - revolutionary Russia, only two forms of proletarian struggle were statistically recorded: strikes and individual and collective complaints of workers employed in enterprises subordinate to the factory inspection, while workers ' organizations included health insurance funds and partly trade unions. Strike statistics compiled by the Factory Inspectorate 16 are a valuable source. It was extensively analyzed by Lenin and is widely used by Soviet historians. At the same time, Lenin's writings [17 ] and literature [18] draw attention to the shortcomings of official strike statistics, both in the sense of incompleteness of available data (understatement of the number of strikers, omissions and gaps, distortions, etc.), as well as inaccuracies in the qualification of strikes, etc. It is known that workers of the mining and mining industry, transport, construction, agricultural, small - scale industry, as well as factory workers of a number of provinces and regions of the country (Siberia, the Far East, Central Asia, Kazakhstan, parts of Transcaucasia) and state-owned enterprises (military, naval departments, etc.) were out of the field of view of the factory inspection. For the mining and mining industry, there are statistical data on strikes for 1905 - 1906 and for 1914 - 1916 compiled by factory inspectors on the basis of information from the mining inspectorate (mining engineers filled out forms similar to those of factory inspectors for each strike) .19
Lenin called on the workers to create the most complete statistics of strikes. Strike statistics, he wrote, "are complete, accurate, and intelligently processed... it is of great importance-both theoretical and practical. It provides valuable material both for illuminating the entire great path of the working-class movement towards its world goals and for illuminating the immediate, topical tasks of the struggle. " 20
Developing a methodology for compiling statistics on the strike and other forms of labor movement, the authors relied on Lenin's works21 . The experience of V. E. Varzar was also used, and the results of Soviet historians ' work on the development of methods for compiling strike movement statistics were taken into account .22
16 Sets of reports of factory inspectors for the second half of 1900-1914 St. Petersburg. 1901-1915; Varzar V. E. Statistical data on strikes of workers in factories and plants for the decade 1895-1904 St. Petersburg. 1905; his. Statistics of strikes in factories and factories for 1905. St. Petersburg, 1908; his. Statistics of strikes in factories and factories for the three-year period 1906-1908 St. Petersburg, 1910; Summary of reports of professional societies for 1906-1907 St. Petersburg, 1911.

17 Lenin V. I. PSS. Vol. 23, pp. 392, 393; vol. 24, pp. 214-215.

18 See, for example, Antonova S. I. Statistics of factory inspection as a source on the history of the proletariat. In: Rabochy klass i rabochoe dvizhenie v Rossii, 1861-1917, Moscow, 1966.

19 See: Varzar V. E. Statistics of strikes in factories and plants for 1905, pp. 108-111, tab. XI; his own. Statistics of strikes of workers in factories and plants for the three-year period 1906-1908, tables for 1906, pp. 65-66; Yakovleva K. Strike movement in Russia for 1895-1917. (Materials on Labor Statistics, issue 8). Moscow, 1920, pp. 55-60; Rabocheye dvizhenie v gody voyny [The labor Movement during the War]. Comp. M. Fleer. M. 1925.

20 Lenin V. I. PSS. Vol. 23, p. 392.

21 See Lenin V. I. PSS. Vol. 7, pp. 72-82; vol. 19, pp. 358-406; vol. 21, pp. 317-324; vol. 22, pp. 26-27; vol. 23, p. 195 - 202, 212 - 216, 380 - 393; vol. 24, p. 214-218; and others; see also: Pisarev I. Y. Voprosy statistiki truda v rabochii V. I. Lenin, Moscow 1964; Suslov I. P. Politicheskaya statistika v trudakh V. I. Lenin, Moscow 1968; Kruse E. E. Lenin o statistiki stachek v Rossii [Questions of labor statistics in the works of V. I. Lenin, Moscow 1964]. In: V. I. Lenin and Problems of History, L. 1970; Ashikhmin L. S. V. I. Lenin's development of methodological foundations for studying the strike struggle of the proletariat of Russia. Author's abstract of the cand. diss. M. 1972.

22 Krylova I. I. On the statistics of strikes of Petrograd workers during the First World War. In: Iz istorii imperializma v Rossii [From the History of Imperialism in Russia], Moscow, 1959; Nagornaya L. N. Robitnichy rukh v Khersonskoi guberniya [The Robitnichy rukh in the Kherson Province], in the period of the Revolutionary Ascension 1910-1914 pp. - Naukovi zapiski Kiivskogo un-tu, 1959, t, XVIII, vol. IV; Kiryanov Yu. I. Strike struggle of workers of Ekaterinoslav province during the First World War. - Istoriya SSSR, 1960, N 4; Leskova L. I. K voprosu o metodike stati-

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In Soviet historiography, the first attempt was made to compile a chronicle and statistics of demonstrations in 1901-1904 in Russia23 , a list of party organizations on the eve of the Second Congress of the RSDLP24 , a list and calculation of the number of Soviets in 190525 , the number of trade unions and their members in 1905-191726 , and leaflets issued by the Bolsheviks 27 . To a large extent, statistics have been compiled on such forms of workers 'activity as group workers' meetings for Pravda and newspapers of other political trends in 1912-191428. As for other forms of struggle and organization of the working class, the problem of their statistical investigation remains to be solved. Some digital data available in the literature on a number of issues cause dissatisfaction and critical assessments of researchers.

In compiling statistics on strikes and other forms of proletarian struggle, in addition to determining the unit of calculation, it is important to clarify the nature of the action. The classification of requirements as economic or political causes particular difficulties when it comes to requirements that are economic in their content and only under certain conditions acquire political significance. It is well known that Lenin considered a political movement directly influencing the government and preparing a "general assault" 29, and an economic struggle-a struggle that is "resistance to the capitalists" 30 . In this regard, for example, the requirement of an 8-hour working day can be considered political only when it comes to its legislative establishment .31 In the same cases-

a systematic study of the working-class movement in Russia. In: The Bolshevik Press and the Working Class of Russia in the Years of the Revolutionary Upsurge. 1910-1914 Moscow, 1964; Arutyunov G. A. Rabochoe dvizhenie v Rossii v 1910-1912 gg. In: Rabochy klass i rabochoe dvizhenie v Rossii 1861-1917 gg., p. 248-249; Shigabudinov M. Sh. Statistika stachek na Severnogo Kavkaze (jul 1907 - Jan 1917 g.) [Statistics of strikes in the North Caucasus (July 1907 - January 1917)]. In: Voprosy istorii Dagestan, vol. 3. Makhachkala. 1975; Blinov N. V. et al. UK. soch., pp. 19-22; Zheltova V. P. Statistics of strikes in Russia in 1910-March 1912-History of the USSR, 1979, N 5; Beach M. O. On the methodology of statistical research of the working movement (based on the materials of Belarus). In: The Working Class of the Center of the Country and Siberia (late XIX-early XX centuries). Novosibirsk. 1981; his own. The labor movement in Belarus in 1861-1904. Minsk. 1983, pp. 13-17; Strike struggle of workers. The end of the XIX century - the 70s of the XX century (Statistics). Moscow, 1980.

23 Kiryanov Yu I Demonstrations of Russian workers in 1901 In: Rabochoe dvizhenie v Rossii v period imperializma [Working Movement in Russia during the Period of Imperialism], Moscow, 1982; Rabochy klass Rossii ot vozrozhdeniya do nachala XX V., Moscow, 1983, pp. 408 - 409.

24 Stepanov V. N. U istokov partii [At the origins of the Party]. Materials on social-democratic organizations in Russia on the eve of the Second Congress of the RSDLP. - Voprosy istorii CPSU, 1963, NN 3, 9, 10, 12.

25 Demochkin N. N. Partiya i Sovieti v 1905 g. - Voprosy istorii CPSU, 1965. NN 1, 2; ime. V. I. Lenin i obrazovanie Respubliki Sovetov [The Party and Soviets in 1905: Questions of the History of the CPSU]. Moscow, 1974.

26 Rozental I. S. On the number, number and composition of trade unions in Tsarist Russia. - History of the USSR, 1984, N 1.

27 Consolidated catalog of the Russian illegal and banned press of the XX century Leaflets. Hch. 1-3. Moscow, 1977; Dazhina I. M. Bolshevik leaflets in Russia during the First World War and the February Revolution. Experience of the source of the PivotTable analyze documents. M. 1981.

28 Kurashova N. A., Livshits S. A. Group fees for the "Truth" of metalworkers in Russia in 1912-1914. In: The Bolshevik Press and the Working Class of Russia in the Years of the Revolutionary Upsurge. 1910-1914; their own. Group money collections of workers for Pravda and newspapers of other political trends (1912-1914). In: Russian Proletariat: Appearance, Struggle, Hegemony, Moscow, 1970; Kurashova N. A. Geografiya gruppovykh rabochikh sbory na gazeta "Pravda" v 1912. In: Istoricheskaya geografiya Rossii XII - nachala XX v. M. 1975; Kurashova N. A., Loginov V. T. Leninskaya "Pravda" i edinstvo rabochikh Rossii (Novye dannye o gruppovykh rabochikh sborakh 1912-1914 gg.) - Istoriya SSSR, 1982, N 3; ikh. Rallying the Workers of Russia around the Bolshevik Pravda (based on the materials of the group meetings for the Workers ' Press in 1913): In: The Working-Class Movement in Russia in the Period of Imperialism. Collection of art. Moscow, 1982.

29 Lenin V. I. PSS. Vol. 46, p. 141.

30 Ibid., vol. 6, p. 54. Note.

31 Let us recall that the demand for an eight-hour working day as a demand of the world proletariat was adopted in September 1866 by the Geneva Congress of the International Workers ' Association. The resolution of the Congress stated that the immediate goal of workers all over the world is to achieve the legislative establishment of a normal eight-hour working day (K. Marx and F. Engels Soch. Vol. 22, p. 63).

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When, in the course of strikes, workers demanded that individual entrepreneurs reduce the working day (even to 8 hours), it was of an economic nature. Marx wrote about this as follows: "The political movement of the working class, of course, has as its ultimate goal the conquest of political power for itself... On the other hand, any movement in which the working class confronts the ruling classes as a class and seeks to defeat them by external pressure is a political movement. Thus, for example, the effort to force individual capitalists in any particular factory, or even in any particular branch of industry, to limit working hours by means of strikes, etc., is a purely economic movement; on the contrary, a movement aimed at forcing the adoption of a law on an eight-hour working day, etc., is a political movement." 32 In Russia, the demand for an 8-hour working day acquired political significance when it was put forward along with other slogans of the bourgeois - democratic revolution during demonstrations and rallies, and was put forward as a draft law by the social-democratic group of the Fourth State Duma.

When compiling statistics on the main forms of struggle and workers ' organization, we can use the methodology of compiling statistics on strikes as the most mass and specifically proletarian form of struggle, as well as statistics on party and trade union organizations that were most important for the working class. In compiling statistics on forms of struggle, the first priority is given to determining the number of workers 'and their participants' speeches, their geographical distribution, differentiating speeches by the nature of demands and the direction of the struggle, identifying the degree of organization or spontaneity of speeches, and the results of the struggle. With regard to the strike struggle, it is necessary to distinguish strikes of factory workers and compare the obtained indicators with the data of the factory inspection .33
Method of calculating the number of strikes. 1. When compiling statistics, the counting unit is identical to the basic unit of accounting for strikes, i.e. it is a strike of workers at a particular enterprise, in a certain period of time. 2. A partial strike at one factory enterprise (shop, department, a number of shops, departments), on a separate section of railway, oil field, etc. is taken as one unit of account. 3. General and group (collective) strikes of workers of a particular profession, city, or region, as well as simultaneous strikes of workers of several or one owner's enterprises of the same type, are counted as the sum of strikes consisting of the number of enterprises on strike. In cases where sources do not allow us to determine the number of enterprises and workers covered by such a strike, the latter is counted as one counting unit marked "group", "general professional", or "citywide". Such strikes are grouped separately in statistical tables. In the case of collective strikes of small-scale industrial workers (handicraft and handicraft establishments), if the number of establishments covered by a strike is unknown, but the number of striking workers is known, then the number of strikers is divided conditionally by eight to determine the counting units of strikes .34 4. The performance of homeworkers of a certain profession is counted as one strike. 5. If the document states: "metalworkers", "printing workers", "workers of brick factories", "railway workers" of the city, workers of "some factories", "a number of factories", "individual workshops" (including handicrafts), "oil workers", "builders", "tailors" are on strike", "bakers" , etc., and these data cannot be specified, then the performance of workers in this case is taken as two counting units.

32 Ibid., vol. 33, p. 282; see also: Lenin V. I. PSS. Vol. 4, p. 366-367; vol. 9, p. 175; vol. 19, p. 401-402.

33 In cases where the sources do not make it possible to determine whether it is a question of strikes, unrest among factory workers or small-scale industry, these statements should be taken into account separately and a corresponding reservation should be made.

34 The average number of 8 workers for a small-scale industrial enterprise is taken based on the fact that in Russia it included establishments with up to 15 workers. The average number of workers can be changed if more accurate data are available on the size of handicraft and handicraft establishments in the study area.

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II. Methodology for calculating the number of strikers. 1. The basis for calculating the number of strikers is the chronicle report on the number of participants in each strike. 2. If the number of participants fluctuates during a strike, the maximum number of strikers is taken. 3. If a part of the workers starts a strike and as a result the whole shop or the whole enterprise stops, then all those who worked in the shop or in the enterprise are counted among the strikers. 4. If the document states that a large or smaller part of the workers of the enterprise is on strike, then in the first case 2/3 of the employees of this enterprise are included in the number of strikers, in the second - 1/3 . 5. When the source does not contain data on the number of strikers, but it is known that the entire enterprise was on strike, then all employees of this enterprise are included in the number of strikers. If there is no such information, the number of strikers is considered unknown. 6. When calculating the total number of strikes during a year, month, in a given district, etc., the number of strikes with a known number of strikers should be highlighted, indicating it in parentheses after the figure of the total number of strikes. 7. The number of strikers in repeated strikes is taken into account a second time. 8. The average number of strikers per strike is determined by dividing the total number of strikers by the number of strikes with a known number of participants.

III. Method of calculating strike time. 1. Strike days are determined by the duration of each strike - from the moment when work is stopped (the beginning of the strike) to the moment when it is resumed at the given enterprise (the end of the strike). At the same time, the strike duration includes Sundays and public holidays. 2. Termination of work for up to 6 hours. it is counted for half the day of the strike, over 6 hours-for the whole day. 3. In cases where the sources do not contain information about the duration of the strike, it should be assumed that it lasted no more than one day. 4. Strike man-days are calculated by multiplying the number of strikers by the number of strike days, and if the source contains the necessary information, not the maximum number of strikers is taken, but all fluctuations in the number of strikers on strike days are taken into account .35 5. The total number of strike man-days during the period under study (month, quarter, year) is calculated by adding up the man-days in each individual strike. 6. The average duration of a strike in a given year is calculated by dividing the total number of strike man-days by the total number of strikers 36 .

IV. Methodology for determining the nature of strikes. According to the content of the basic requirements, strikes are divided into political, economic and mixed strikes, according to the direction of the struggle, economic and mixed strikes are divided into offensive and defensive strikes, and according to the results - into successful (complete victory), compromise (partial victory), and ended in defeat. It is important to calculate the number of organized strikes and compare (if possible) these indicators by year, period, and district.

Political strikes include strikes demanding political freedoms, a constituent assembly, universal suffrage, the legislative establishment of an 8-hour working day, the release of those arrested for political reasons, the reinstatement of comrades dismissed for revolutionary activities, recognition of trade unions, as well as strikes - demonstrations on proletarian holidays and anniversaries of socio-political events (1 May 9, 1905, February 19, 1861, November 7-the day of Tolstoy's death, etc.), strikes-protests (for example, against the shooting of workers on the Lena River in April 1912 or in St. Petersburg in July 1914, the dispersal of the Duma, the arrest of Bolshevik deputies of the Fourth Duma, against the tsarist insurance companies laws, death sentences, and the RA trial-

35 Example: On February 4, 1911, 48 workers of the locksmith department of the Nevsky Thread Manufactory (St. Petersburg) went on strike, demanding an increase in wages. On February 9, they were supported by workers from other branches, and as a result, 600 people went on strike that day. On February 10, the workers started working under the same conditions. In this strike, the strike time was 840 man-days: 4 to 8 February - 240 man-days (48X5), 9 February-600 man-days.

36 Example: In Tiflis Province, during 1910, strikes by factory workers accounted for 258 man-days. 258 people went on strike. Therefore, the average duration of one strike will be 1 day (258:258=1).

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bots, soldiers, sailors, against the war), solidarity strikes for political reasons. A strike is assessed as political if the political motives were the only ones or the main ones among others. But if the main demands were of a socio-economic nature and they were the reason for the strike, and political ones accompanied them, then such strikes should be classified as mixed 37 .

Economic strikes include strikes in which demands were made to increase (or maintain the same) wages, reduce (or maintain the same) working hours (including a request addressed to an entrepreneur or even a group of them to reduce the working day to 8 hours), cancel or reduce fines, overtime work, and improve other working conditions as well as the provision of paid holidays, sick days, pensions, free education, polite treatment, dismissal of administration representatives for rude treatment of workers, and other requirements of an economic and social nature. Solidarity strikes based on economic motives also belong to the economic ones. Interference in strikes by the police or troops, arrests of initiators, etc., often gave economic strikes a political sound, but this did not change the nature of the strike.

The division of economic and mixed strikes into offensive or defensive strikes is based on whether the workers demanded better working and living conditions (offensive) or fought against the deterioration of existing conditions (defensive). Organized strikes are those that were more or less prepared and were led by party or trade union organizations, strike committees, groups of individuals, and so on. Strikes that have no known nature are accounted for separately. The specific weight of organized strikes is calculated only in relation to the number of strikes whose nature is known.

It is advisable to group statistical data on strikes (concerning their number, number of participants, duration, nature, results of the struggle, etc.) in the following areas:: 1) by year; 2) by branches of" production " and professional groups of workers (see adj. I); 3) by province. This approach makes it possible, if necessary, to carry out further grouping by periods of the labor movement, by branches of production and professional groups of workers, by industrial districts and regions.

Methodology for recording data on armed uprisings. The quantitative characterization of armed uprisings presents particular difficulties due, on the one hand, to the incomplete comparability of the objects of accounting themselves, and, on the other, to the incompleteness of the actual data available in the sources. Therefore, the descriptive characterization of this form of struggle is particularly important. Quantitative data may relate primarily to the number of uprisings and the number of their participants (armed vigilantes). As for such issues as the duration of the uprising, the social, professional, and party composition of the participants, and the governing organizations, the possibility of statistical processing of these issues can only be expressed more definitely after the chronicle is compiled.

Methodology for recording data on street demonstrations. When compiling statistics of demonstrations, the counting unit is identical to the unit of accounting for demonstrations, i.e. it is each fact of a street demonstration that occurs in a particular place at a certain time. The number of demonstrations with a known and unknown number of participants is summed up separately. The second number is shown in parentheses after the total number of demonstrations. The basis of counting the number of participants-

37 Example: On August 11, 1911, ROPiT ship crews went on strike in Odessa. The reason for the strike was the reduction of overtime pay since the beginning of the year and the extension of the working day from 9 to 10 hours. During the strike, the sailors also put forward demands: to restore the trade union (registration), to release those arrested for participating in the strike, to allow a meeting to be held on the territory of the port, etc. This strike can be defined as a mixed one.

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the demonstration's nickname is chronicle data. If the number of participants fluctuates during the demonstration, the maximum number of participants is taken. Demonstrations and their participants are grouped by geography (by provinces, counties, cities, and other localities) and by the reasons for demonstrations (see appendix III). It also takes into account the number of incidents of clashes with police and soldiers during demonstrations, as well as the number of victims of demonstrators (arrested, injured).

Methodology for calculating collective complaints, requests, demands, and petitions. From the forms of workers ' appeals to entrepreneurs or the authorities, complaints and requests are counted together, and demands (and petitions) are counted separately from them. Further grouping of statistical data on collective complaints, requests, demands, and petitions of workers can be carried out in the same way as that given in relation to strikes. In addition, complaints, demands, etc. can be grouped according to whether they are addressed to the owners or the authorities.

Statistics of workers ' organizations involves counting the number of organizations that differ by type and their participants, distributing them by profession, and by political orientation.

Methodology for calculating data on party organizations. Each form of organization (circle, city, district, etc.) is taken as a unit of calculation, regardless of its size and time of validity. To get comparable data, circles, groups, district, city, district, and other organizations are counted separately. The number of organizations and their members is determined by year. If the number of members varies in a given year, the maximum number of members is taken into account. If possible, data on the social and professional affiliation of the organization's members is grouped. Party organizations should also be grouped according to the geographical principle (province, county, city) and the ideological and political orientation of the organizations (Bolshevik, Menshevik, etc.).

Methodology for calculating data on professional and other mass organizations of workers. The counting unit (as well as the accounting unit) is each organization of workers in an enterprise, in a separate city or other locality. The number of organizations and their members is set for a certain date (year) (taking into account the greatest completeness of information and stages of the labor movement), which is noted when compiling statistics. Separately, we count those cases when attempts were made to create organizations, but their activities were either not deployed, or nothing is known about them. The total number of members of organizations is calculated by adding up the number of members of each organization. Since, however, sources do not always contain information about the number of full members of organizations (for example, trade union members who pay membership fees), but they may indicate the number of registered members, who attended meetings, etc., it is allowed (with certain reservations) to use this data.

The political orientation of organizations is also indicated on a certain date by taking into account a number of indicators: the predominance of members of a particular political direction in the management board (or other governing body), the direction of printed publications, the political orientation of the organization's chairman, the main activity of the organization, the nature of decisions and resolutions adopted.

It is advisable to group statistical data for each type of worker organization in the following areas:: 1. By year; 2. By branches of production and professional groups of workers (see appendix). I); 3. By province.

The use of a single methodology for compiling a chronicle and deducing quantitative indicators of various forms of struggle and organizations of the proletariat will help coordinate research work on the study of the working-class movement, will contribute to a comprehensive review of its most important processes, and will identify common patterns and features of the revolutionary struggle of the Russian proletariat.

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Annex I

INDUSTRY AND PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATION OF WORKERS

Factory workers (f. -z.) 1 - workers employed in the factory manufacturing industry:

Metalworkers (meth.) - workers of metalworking, machine-building and shipbuilding plants, as well as institutions for processing precious metals. Textile workers (tech.) - workers of factories for processing cotton, wool, silk, linen, hemp, jute and mixed production for processing fibrous substances: production of tulle, lace, ribbons, belts, etc., tarpaulins, knitwear and clothing products, hats, umbrellas, buttons, etc. 2 .

Polygraphists (polygr.) - workers of printing houses, lithographs, chromolithographs, bookbinders and pamphlet-making establishments.

Scribblers (bum.) - workers of enterprises for the production of paper and products made from it-cardboard, box and other factories.

Woodworkers (villages) - workers of sawmills, carpentry and furniture factories, coopers ' shops, matting factories, musical instrument factories, etc.

Pishcheviki (food) - workers engaged in processing nutrients and flavoring substances: in the production of flour, cereals, bakery, confectionery, canning, distillery, sugar beet, tobacco, etc.

Workers engaged in the processing of animal products (live) - the production of leather, bristles and products made from them, workers in the sheepskin-tanning, furrier, shoemaker, soap-making, waxing, candle, glue production, etc.

Workers engaged in mineral processing (min.) - production of glass, crystal, porcelain, earthenware, pottery, ceramics, building materials: bricks, cement, lime, alabaster, etc., as well as in stone-making, lapidary, sculptural and mosaic industries.

Workers engaged in chemical production (chem.) - manufacturing of rubber products, artificial fuels, mineral fertilizers, cosmetics, matches, and chemicals: soda, salts, paints, lacquers, etc., as well as workers engaged in processing petroleum products.

Other (other) - workers employed in power plants, water supply and other industries that are not included in the above groups.

Gornozavodskie (g-z) - workers of enterprises for processing the products of the extractive industry-metallurgical plants subordinate to the Mining Department 3, enterprises for the welding of salt, the production of refractory materials, asphalt, etc. Mining (gorn.) - workers engaged in the extraction of hard coal, various ores, gold, manganese, salt, oil4, in contract drilling, etc., in peat harvesting.

Transport (trans.) workers:

railway workers - workers in railway workshops, depots, traffic services, track and structure repairs, warehouses, and stations;

vodniki (water workers) - river and sea transport workers;

urban transport workers( tran.): tram drivers, workhorses, drivers, etc.

1 Abbreviated names of the branches of production and professional affiliation of workers are indicated in parentheses, which can be used in drawing up maps of the chronicles of the labor movement.

2 In the "Summary reports of Factory Inspectors", these workers are included in production groups I - V.

3 Metallurgical enterprises subordinate to the Ministry of Finance (factory inspection) should be counted among factory enterprises (metalworkers), since the main products of these factories were not metal, but machinery, ships, etc., and metallurgists accounted for only a small percentage of the total number of workers in these factories.

4 It should be noted that oil production workers were counted as mining workers in official materials until 1908, and then they were counted as factory workers (see the Reports of Factory Inspectors).

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Small - scale industrial workers (mel. prom.) - workers of handicrafts, handicraft establishments, as well as those employed at home 5.

Builders - workers engaged in the construction of commercial and industrial enterprises, railways, and urban development.

Woodworkers (les.) - workers engaged in logging, its initial processing, and rafting.

Tradesmen (prom.) - workers engaged in fishing, hunting, and similar industries.

Unskilled workers - workers employed in the port, warehouses, shops, etc. 6 .

Agricultural workers (agricultural workers)- agricultural wage workers.

5 Small-scale industrial workers are assigned to the same professional groups that are assigned to factory industry, indicating that they are small-scale industrial workers: small-scale workers. prom. (tech.), etc.

The 6 workers of this category employed in the manufacturing and extractive industries cannot be separated from the total mass of workers, so they are usually counted together with skilled workers.

Annex II

N 1. CARD FOR RECORDING INFORMATION ABOUT THE FORMS OF WORKERS ' STRUGGLE

1. Form of wrestling (performances).

2. Date (year, month, day) of the beginning and end of the speech.

3. Place of the event (province, county, city, or other locality).

4. The name of the company, institution, railway (station, siding, section) and other places where the performance took place '.

5. Name of the group of performing workers, its professional (or industry) affiliation (see appendix). I) 1 .

6. Number of participants in the speech.

7. Total number of workers in the enterprise, in the institution 1 .

8. Social and professional composition of participants 2 .

9. Reason (reason) 3 .

10. Demands, slogans 4 .

11. Issues discussed 5 .

12. Organization and management.

13. Brief description of the course of the speech (throwing leaflets, raising the flag, singing revolutionary songs, etc.) 6 .

14. Result: victory, compromise, defeat 7, adopted resolutions, 8 decisions, etc.

15. Reaction of the authorities, repressions, public response.

16. Sources.

No. 2. CARD FOR RECORDING INFORMATION ABOUT PARTY, PROFESSIONAL, AND OTHER MASS WORKERS ' ORGANIZATIONS

1. The organization's form and name.

2. Dates of existence (including the year, month, and date).

3. Location (province, county, city, or other locality).

4. Name of the company, institution, railway, etc.

5. Name of the group of workers, its professional (or industry) affiliation (see appendix I).

1 For a strike, agitation, meeting, meeting, complaint, petition.

2 For an insurrection, demonstration, rally, meeting.

3 For demonstration purposes.

4 Slogans - for an uprising, demonstration, or rally.

5 For meetings and meetings.

6 For demonstration, excitement, partisan struggle.

7 For strikes, unrest, etc.

8 For a rally or meeting.

page 75

6. Legal or illegal.

7. The organization that preceded it.

8. The number of members of the organization (in dynamics).

9. Number of workers in the total number of members (for a party organization, Council).

10. The total number of workers of a given profession or production in a locality or enterprise.

11. Ideological and political orientation: social-democratic, Bolshevik, Menshevik, revolutionary-democratic (narodnik, Socialist-Revolutionary, etc.).

12. Structure.

13. Press organ.

14. Key performance indicators.

15. Contacts with related organizations, participation in regional and all-Russian congresses, conferences, etc.

16. International relations.

17. Sources.

No. 3. CARD FOR RECORDING INFORMATION ABOUT PARTY CONGRESSES, CONFERENCES, PLENUMS, MEETINGS, AND OTHER MEETINGS

1. Name of the congress or conference.

2. Date of the event (year, month, day) - start and end.

3. Venue (country, province, county, city, and other localities).

4. Number of participants.

5. Social and professional composition of participants.

6. Ideological and political orientation of the participants.

7. Main resolutions.

8. Sources.

N 4. CARD FOR RECORDING INFORMATION ABOUT THE ACTIVITIES OF AN UNDERGROUND PRINTING HOUSE

1. Date of creation and termination of activity (year, month, day).

2. Location (province, county, city, and other localities).

3. Ideological and political orientation (specify the party committee or other organization that created the printing house).

4. Names of the organizers.

5. Basic printed products.

6. Sources.

N 5. CARD FOR RECORDING INFORMATION ABOUT PUBLICATIONS OF WORKERS ' ORGANIZATIONS

1. Type of publication.

2. Time of publication (year, month, day), for the brochure - date of issue (year, month).

3. Name or title.

4. Place of publication (country, province, county, city, or other locality).

5. The publishing organization.

6. Ideological and political orientation (main motto).

7. Method of reproduction and circulation.

8. Number of issues (for newspapers and magazines).

9. Main content 1 .

10. Place of distribution (province, county, city, enterprise, etc.).

11. Sources.

1 For flyers, the following information is added: in connection with what events it was published, to whom it was addressed, and slogans at the end of it.

page 76

Annex III

SAMPLE SUMMARY TABLE OF STRIKE MOVEMENT STATISTICS

1. Total number of enterprises in the city, province, region, and industry.

2. Total number of strikes; in parentheses, the number of strikes with a known number of strikers.

3. % of the number of strikes (from the total number of enterprises).

4. Total number of workers at enterprises, in the city, province, region, industry.

5. Total number of strikers.

6. % of the number of strikers (out of the total number of employees).

7. Total number of strike man-days.

8. The number of repeated strikes and their participants and the number of actual strikers, i.e. excluding those who participated in strikes repeatedly.

9. The number of economic, political, and mixed strikes. Number of strikers in strikes: economic, political, mixed.

10. Average duration of strikes: economic, political, mixed.

11. The number of offensive and defensive strikes, the number of strikers in strikes; offensive, defensive.

12. Result of the struggle: the number of strikes (and strikers) that ended in success, partial success (compromise), and defeat. The same applies as a percentage of the total number of strikes and the total number of strike leaders.

13. Number of strikes (and strikers) regarding: a) wages; b) working hours; c) other working conditions; d) living conditions; e) social requirements (pension provision, medical care, etc.); f) relations between workers and the administration (requirements for polite treatment, cancellation of searches dismissal of representatives of the administration for rudeness in dealing with workers, etc.).

14. The number of strikes (and strikers) that have risen up to fight at the call of organizations or individuals.

15. Number of group (collective) strikes; in parentheses, the number of strikes with a known number of strikers.

16. Number of participants in group (collective) strikes.

17. % of the number of strikers in group (collective) strikes (of the total number of strikers).

18. The number of strikes that ended with the total calculation of workers.

19. The number of strikes accompanied by partial settlement of workers.

20. The number of cases of strikes involving interference in the struggle of soldiers (summoning soldiers and their participation in the suppression of strikes).

21. Number of strikes accompanied by arrests.

22. The number of strikes that resulted in the dispatch of some workers to the place of "registration".

23. The number of strikes in which participants were evicted from their apartments.

SAMPLE SUMMARY TABLE OF STATISTICS OF STREET DEMONSTRATIONS OF WORKERS

1. Total number of demonstrations; in parentheses - the number of demonstrations with a known number of participants.

2. Number of participants.

3. Number of demonstrations and their participants on the following occasions: a) May 1; b) solidarity; c) protest against repressions; d) publication of tsarist laws; e) conscription into the army; war; f) difficult economic situation; g) death and funeral of a worker, leader of a revolutionary movement; h) for other reasons or unclear reasons.

4. The number of demonstrations (and their participants) that ended in clashes with police and soldiers.

page 77

SAMPLE SUMMARY TABLE OF STATISTICS OF PARTY AND MASS WORKERS ' ORGANIZATIONS 1

1. The number of workers ' organizations in a province, region, branch of production, etc. at a certain time, indicate in parentheses the number of organizations with a certain number of members.

2. The total number of workers in the production sector, province, or region.

3. Number of members of organizations.

4. % of the number of members to the total number of workers in the enterprises of the industry, in the province.

5. The number of organizations that adhered to Bolshevik, Menshevik, SR and other political orientations.

SAMPLE SUMMARY TABLE OF STATISTICS ON COLLECTIVE COMPLAINTS, PETITIONS, DEMANDS, AND PETITIONS OF WORKERS 2

1. The total number of workers in the enterprises of the industry, in the province, region, etc.

2. The number of workers ' appeals (in parentheses - the number of appeals with a known number of applicants).

3. Number of workers who filed complaints.

4. % of workers who applied in relation to the total number of workers in industrial enterprises, in the province, etc.

5. Average number of workers per complaint, request, etc. 3 .

6. The number of complaints, requests, etc. from workers concerning: a) wages; b)working hours; c) other working conditions; d) living conditions; e) social requirements; f) relations between workers and the administration.

7. The number of complaints, requests (and the number of people who addressed them) that were met, partially met, or not met. The same applies as a percentage of the total number of complaints and those who addressed them.

1 If the information available in the sources does not make it possible to determine whether a given organization represents workers in factory or small-scale industry, then such organizations should be grouped separately, by profession, with a corresponding reservation and not to be confused with organizations of workers in factory or small-scale industry.

2 When compiling the summary table, use the sample tables given in the "Factory Inspector Report Summaries" (see, for example, <url>). Summary of reports of factory inspectors for 1913 (St. Petersburg, 1914, pp. LIV-LVII).

3 is calculated by dividing the total number of workers who applied by the number of complaints, requests, etc.

page 78


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N. V. Blinov, V. P. Zheltova, N. A. Ivanova, Yu. I. Kiryanov, I. M. Pushkareva, ON THE METHOD OF COMPILING CHRONICLES AND STATISTICS OF THE WORKING-CLASS MOVEMENT IN RUSSIA DURING THE PERIOD OF CAPITALISM (1861-February 1917) // Minsk: Belarusian Electronic Library (BIBLIOTEKA.BY). Updated: 30.01.2025. URL: https://biblioteka.by/m/articles/view/ON-THE-METHOD-OF-COMPILING-CHRONICLES-AND-STATISTICS-OF-THE-WORKING-CLASS-MOVEMENT-IN-RUSSIA-DURING-THE-PERIOD-OF-CAPITALISM-1861-February-1917 (date of access: 10.02.2025).

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